The vehicle control unit (VCU) is the center of energy management and torque coordination for battery electric vehicles. It plays a key role in normal driving, launch control, driver interaction, regenerative braking, network management, thermal management, fault diagnostics, vehicle status monitoring and display, and overspeed protection, and is the core component of the electric vehicle control system. The VCU is the core device that determines the drivability, safety, energy consumption and dynamic performance of battery electric vehicles.

The engine ECU is a key component of the electronic control system of an electronically controlled engine (comprising sensors, actuators and the electronic control unit (ECU)). Its function is to acquire and process input signals from various sensors, perform control-decision calculations according to engine operating requirements (injection pulse width, ignition advance angle, etc.), and output the corresponding control signals. In addition to fuel injection control, today's electronically controlled engines also control ignition, EGR, idling and the wastegate of turbocharged engines. Since a single ECU is used to comprehensively control the engine, it is also called the engine management system.

The automatic transmission enables automatic vehicle launch and automatic gear shifting, improving driving comfort and reducing driver fatigue. It also improves vehicle power performance, fuel economy and emissions, and has gradually become standard equipment in modern vehicles. The automatic transmission system consists of the TCU, the gear selector mechanism and the clutch mechanism: the TCU acquires sensor information and CAN bus data, and after computation controls the actuators to realize gear selection and shifting, clutch operation and engine handover control.